{ "scope": "Primary evidence for distinctions, not numerical calibration. Existing anatomy bibliography unchanged.", "sources": [ { "id": "murray2000", "authors": "Murray, Buchanan and Delp", "title": "The isometric functional capacity of muscles that cross the elbow", "year": 2000, "url": "https://research.me.udel.edu/buchanan/PDF_Files/Murray,%20Buchanan,%20Delp,%20JB%202000.pdf", "doi": "10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00051-8", "source_kind": "original human cadaveric study", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Full text read; Methods pp. 944\u2013946, Table 2 p. 947", "supported_use": "PCSA is V/optimal fascicle length; pennation projection is separate. Ten extremities from nine cadavers, with muscle-specific exclusions.", "transfer_limit": "No subject-matched atlas calibration; no muscle architecture values imported.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "ward2005", "authors": "Ward and Lieber", "title": "Density and hydration of fresh and fixed human skeletal muscle", "year": 2005, "url": "https://muscle2.ucsd.edu/pubs/pdf/Ward_JB_2005a.pdf", "doi": "10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.10.001", "source_kind": "original human tissue preparation study", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Full text read; equation 1 and Results", "supported_use": "PCSA definition includes cosine; density depends on preparation.", "transfer_limit": "Fixed/hydrated tissue findings are not a measured live-biceps density; no density imported.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "mattiello2023", "authors": "Mattiello-Sverzut and Martins", "title": "Does the early phase of aging affect the morphology of biceps brachii and torque and total work of elbow flexors in healthy volunteers?", "year": 2023, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9925190/", "doi": "10.1590/1414-431X2023e12202", "source_kind": "original human biopsy study", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "PubMed abstract read; morphology participant counts verified from original full text in independent source review; direct reaccess returned a browser challenge", "supported_use": "Thirty-two participants underwent isokinetic assessment; 26 usable morphology samples (9, 8, and 9 across the age groups) support fibre-subtype and smaller-diameter comparisons.", "transfer_limit": "No fresh full-text diameter extraction or packing calibration; diameter is not silently converted to circular area.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "bottinelli1996", "authors": "Bottinelli, Canepari, Pellegrino and Reggiani", "title": "Force-velocity properties of human skeletal muscle fibres: myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature dependence", "year": 1996, "url": "https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021617", "doi": "10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021617", "source_kind": "original human skinned fibre experiment", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Publisher abstract read", "supported_use": "Single-fibre specific tension and velocity depend on type and preparation temperature; load clamps at 12 \u00b0C.", "transfer_limit": "No body-temperature extrapolation, type-specific numerical parameters or whole-muscle fit.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "raiteri2016", "authors": "Raiteri, Cresswell and Lichtwark", "title": "Three-dimensional geometrical changes of the human tibialis anterior muscle and its central aponeurosis measured with three-dimensional ultrasound during isometric contractions", "year": 2016, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4974924/", "doi": "10.7717/peerj.2260", "source_kind": "original human 3D ultrasound study", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Indexed primary article text read; direct PMC access subsequently challenged", "supported_use": "Regional geometry, fascicle length and pennation are distinct measured quantities.", "transfer_limit": "Tibialis anterior is not biceps; near-constant total volume is not local incompressibility. No values imported.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "huijing2003", "authors": "Huijing and Baan", "title": "Myofascial force transmission: muscle relative position and length determine agonist and synergist muscle force", "year": 2003, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12571138/", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00173.2002", "source_kind": "original rat experiment", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "PubMed abstract read", "supported_use": "Proximal and distal forces differed with connective tissues intact and controlled muscle length/position.", "transfer_limit": "Maximal rat activation under manipulated conditions does not calibrate normal human biceps ECM.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "zhang2012", "authors": "Zhang and Gao", "title": "Finite element analysis of mechanics of lateral transmission of force in single muscle fiber", "year": 2012, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22682257/", "doi": "10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.04.026", "source_kind": "original two-dimensional finite element study", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "PubMed abstract and figure descriptions read", "supported_use": "Examines endomysium shear transfer and tapered fibre ends.", "transfer_limit": "Computational mechanism, not an experimental human interface stiffness.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "sleboda2020", "authors": "Sleboda and Roberts", "title": "Internal fluid pressure influences muscle contractile force", "year": 2020, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6983394/", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1914433117", "source_kind": "original bullfrog experiment and physical analogue", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Full text read; experimental perturbation, Results and Discussion", "supported_use": "Cuff pressure changes force in a length-dependent way; fluid\u2013ECM paths need explicit modeling.", "transfer_limit": "No unique mechanism identification, biceps calibration or perfusion law; no pressure values imported.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." }, { "id": "cat-perfusion1984", "authors": "Petrofsky and Hendershot", "title": "The interrelationship between blood pressure, intramuscular pressure, and isometric endurance in fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle in the cat", "year": 1984, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6542507/", "doi": "10.1007/BF00422571", "source_kind": "original cat perfusion experiment", "access_on": "2026-10-08", "access_scope": "Indexed PubMed abstract read; direct page returned no article body", "supported_use": "Compares pressure/perfusion and isometric endurance under controlled perfusion conditions.", "transfer_limit": "No parameters imported; cannot infer vascular flow from bulk penalty or volume preservation.", "numerical_parameter_imported": false, "redistribution": "Bibliographic metadata and original summaries only; no source asset copied." } ] }